Stacking receptacles



Nov. 23, 1965 w. K. HARE ETAL STACKING RECEPTACLES 7 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed June 11, 1962 INVENTORS WILBEQT K HARE MORRIS KAUFMAN aAtEg L Nov. 23, 1965 HARE ETAL 3,219,231

STAGKING REGEPTACLES Filed June 11, 1962 7 Sheets-Sheet 2 INVENTORS WILBERT K. HARE MORRIS KAUFMAN WXM GAL By.

Nov. 23, 1965 w, HARE ETAL 3,219,231

STACKING REGEPTACLES 7 Sheets-Sheet 3 Filed June 11, 1962 INVENTORS' WILBERT K HARE MORRIS KAUFMAN Nov. 23, 1965 w. K. HARE ETAL STACKING RECEPTACLES '7 Sheets-Sheet 4 Filed June 11, 1962 INVENTORS WILBERT K. HARE MORRIS KAUFMAN MM N 23, 19 5 w. K. HARE ETAL STACKING RECEPTACLEIS 7 Sheets-Sheet 5 Filed June 11, 1962 3 M m 1 O R M TA m N H w w W MEX FEW BR 5 M Y B 7 3 1 Nov. 23, 1965 w. K. HARE ETAL 7 Sheets-Sheet 6 INVENTORS WILBERT K HARE MORRIS KAUFMAN Nov. 23, 1965 w- HARE E 3,219,231

STACKING RECEPTACLES Filed June 11, 1962 7 Sheets-Sheet 7 j 47 m 28 M 49 p n 47 G; u u u *1 35 INVENTORS WILBERT K. HARE MORRIS KAUFMAN United States Patent 3,219,231 STACKING RECEPTACLES Wilbert K. Hare, Chicago, and Morris Kaufman, Morton Grove, 111., assiguors to Ekco Products Company, Chicago, Ill., a corporation of Delaware Filed June 11, 1962, Ser. No. 201,698 2 Claims. (Cl. 220-97) This invention relates to a receptacle unit adapted for use in handling of articles, such, for example, as wrapped bread, and more particularly units of this character which may be stacked, one upon the other, when in use and adapted to be stored in relatively compact relation with similar units when empty and thereby utilize less space for storage of said units when not in use.

A receptacle unit in accordance with this invention provides for the storage of a plurality of said units when empty via a continuous arrangement of said units in a tier or column having its height limited only by the clear height of the area in which the units are so stored.

A further object of this invention resides in the provision of a new and efficient stacking arrangement for receptacles of the type indicated herein.

A receptacle unit in accordance with the present invention also incorporates a simple and rugged construction and yet provides an article which is relatively light in weight and economical to manufacture.

Other objects and advantages will be apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a top perspective view of a receptacle unit in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a side elevational view thereof.

FIG. 3 is a front view thereof.

FIG. 4 is a side view of a series of said units as they appear when in a stacked relation and arranged in peripheral alignment along lines perpendicular to an underlying horizontal supporting surface via a dolly with which the lowermost unit has downward engagement.

FIG. 5 is a side view of a series of said units as they appear when in storage position.

FIG. 6 is an enlarged fragmentary transverse section through a series of said units while in stacked relation, and taken along a line as indicated at 6-6 in FIG. 3.

FIG. 7 is an enlarged fragmentary side view of a pair of said units in storage position to show structural details of interlocking parts of such units while in said position.

FIG. 8 illustrates a bottom receptacle unit of such modified construction as to support a series of units in stacked relation by direct engagement of said bottom unit with an underlying horizontal supporting surface.

FIG. 9 illustrates a series of receptacle units of slightly modified construction as such units appear when in storage position.

FIG. 10 illustrates a series of receptacle units embodying modifications shown in FIG. 9, wherein said units are shown in stacked arrangement along lines in downwardly inclined relation to an underlying horizontal support.

FIG. 11 is a side view of a receptacle unit of the type shown in FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 except for a built in supporting leg providing for self-positioning of the unit in parallel relation to a horizontal supporting surface.

FIG. 12 is a front view of the receptacle unit shown in FIG. 11.

FIG. 13 illustrates a series of receptacle units embodying the features of the unit shown in FIGS. 11 and 12 as said units are assembled when in storage position.

FIG. 14 is a side view of a series of receptacle units of modified construction, as said units appear in stacked arrangement.

3,219,231 Patented Nov. 23, 1965 FIG. 15 is a side View of the units of FIG. 14 showing said units in storage position.

FIG. 16 is a diagrammatic illustration of the manner of positioning a receptacle unit of this invention preparatory to establishing a stacked relationship of said unit on a subjacent unit.

A stacking type receptacle unit (designated generally as R) representing one embodiment of the present invention is illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 8 inclusive, wherein a length of wire rod or other suitable material is bent to form a rectangular border frame defining a pair of side arms 10 and 11 joined in spaced parallel relation by end members 12 and 13 at substantially right angles to said arms. The side arms 10 and 11 are bent upwardly along a first line intermediate of and parallel to said end members to provide legs 14 and 15 by which the end member 12 is arranged in upwardly offset relation to the side members and the members 10 and 11 are bent downwardly along a second line parallel to and between said first line and the end member 13 to define legs 16 and 17 by which the end member 13 is located in downwardly offset relation to said arms 10 and 11. A portion of end member 12 adjacent to its juncture with leg 14 and adjacent to its juncture with leg 15 is offset downwardly as at 12a and, except for the portions 12a, members 12 and 13 are at an equal distance from the side arms 10 and 11. Arms 10 and 11 are joined near the lower ends of the legs 14 and 15 by a rod 18 and a similar rod 19 joins arms 10 and 11 near the upper ends of legs 16 and 17. Midway of the distance between rods 18 and 19, arms 10 and 11 are also joined by a third rod 20. The upper and lower surfaces of the side arms 10 and 11 and the rod-s 18, 19 and 20 are in substantially coplanar relation except for downwardly offset areas at opposite ends of the rods 18, 19 and 20 which under-lie and have welded connection to the arm-s 1G and 11. The area within borders defined by the side arms 10 and 11 and rods 18 and 19 is occupied by a load supporting deck made up of a series of wires 22 positioned in spaced parallel relationship parallel to the rods 18 and 19 with the ends of the wires welded to the upwardly facing surfaces of the arms 10 and 11 and a second series of wires 23 arranged in overlying intersecting engagement with the wires 22 along spaced parallel lines parallel to the arms 10 and 11 with the ends of wires 23 welded to the upwardly facing surfaces of the wires 22 nearest rods 18 and 19.

The space between the rod 18 and the wire 22 nearest thereto and the space between rod 19 and the wire 22 nearest thereto is bridged by ears 24 defined by U-shaped bends formed in the rod 18 and the rod 19 whereby the load supporting deck provided by wires 22 and 23 has added underlying support along the rods 18 and 19. A diagonal bracing rod 25 extends between and is fixed by its ends to the leg 14 and the leg 16. A similar rod 26 extends between and is fixed by its ends to the leg 15 and leg 17 with its upper and lower surfaces in coplanar relation to upper and lower surfaces of the rod 25. End member 12 and rod 18 are also joined by a pair of strut rods 27 at opposite ends of an area located centrally of the distance between legs 14 and 16. The strut rods 27 are joined by a retaining rod 28 extending lengthwise of end member 12 at a predetermined distance above the deck area which is effective to provide a barrier preventing articles on the deck from sliding off therefrom via the space between end member 12 and the deck.

End member 13 and rod 19 are joined along an area centrally of the distance between the legs 16 and 17 by a pair of upwardly converging strut members 30 and 31. As shown in FIG. 3, the lower ends of members 30 and 31 have welded connection to the upper surface of the end member 13 and extend upwardly therefrom in an upwardly and inwardly inclined plane for welded connection to the outwardly facing surface of rod 19. The upper ends of members 30 and 31 which extend upwardly of the deck area, and a cross member 32 joining said upper ends provide a retaining wall at a height comparable to the height of retainer rod 28. Articles on the deck of each unit R are confined against sliding olf said area in directions lengthwise of the retaining rod 28 and the cross member 32 by side rails 33 and 34 respectively extending in spaced parallel relation to the side members and 11 and at a distance above said deck area corresponding to the height of said retaining rod 28 and the cross member 32 in relation to said deck area.

In the embodiment of this invention as shown in the drawings (FIG. 1) a pair of supporting rods 35 arranged along spaced apart lines parallel to side members 10 and 11 have welded connection to the underside of rods 18 and and to the upper side of rod 19. The rods 35 are preferably joined by an integral bridge section 35a which occupies a position in downwardly offset relation to .portions of the rods 35 underlying the deck and in outwardly offset relation to end portions of the rods 35 in vertical alignment with the end member 12. A finger 36 in downwardly spaced vertical alignment with the end member 12 along that portion of the latter which spans the distance between the strut rods 27 is defined by the end portion of each rod 35 adjoining the connecting section 35a. A similar finger 37 in upwardly spaced vertical alignment with end member 13 along that portion of the latter which spans the distance between strut members and 31, is defined by the opposite end portion of each rod 35. The end member 12 is deformed along an area directly above each finger 36 to provide upwardly open recesses or seats 38 while the end member 13 is deformed along an area directly below each finger 37 to form downwardly open recesses or seats 39. A system of stacking supports is thus provided wherein the recesses 38 in end member 12 and the fingers 36 are matched to define the upper rests and the lower bearings respectively of one set of stacking supports while recesses 39 in end member 13 and fingers 37 are matched to define the lower bearings and upper rests respectively of a second set of stacking supports. As viewed in FIG. 4 illustrating a group of four receptacle units R in stacked relationship, the fingers 37 of the lowermost unit have entry to recesses 39 in end member 13 of the unit next above the lowermost unit and the fingers 36 of the latter have engagement with recesses 38 in the end member 12 of the lowermost unit. The deck areas of the units R in such stacked arrangement are spaced a distance apart in accordance with the vertical distance between the fingers and the recesses or seats with which said fingers are vertically aligned. By maintaining such vertical distances identically alike, as shown, the deck areas of said receptacles when in such stacked arrangement are in uniformly spaced apart relation throughout the space between said deck areas. The recesses and the fingers matching said recesses cooperate to prevent movement of the units in relation to each other along lines parallel to the arms 12 and 13 so as to maintain the receptacles in non-shifting relation lengthwise of said arms 12 and 13 when said units are in stacked relation.

The junction between each finger 36 and the connecting section w defines a downwardly projecting hook 36a while an upwardly bent hook 37a is provided at the outer end of each finger 37. Viewed from the position shown in FIG. 4, it will be noted that the lhOOkS 36a and 37a provide stops with which the surface of the respective end members 12 and 13 opposite thereto have engagement to lock the units in non-shifting relation lengthwise of the side members 10 and 11 while in stacked arrangement.

As will be noted in FIG. 2, the inward inclination of thestrut members 30 and 31' along the area directly above the fingers 37 is eifective to provide clearance above said area as needed for accepting the end member 13 of a superposed receptacle unit in stacking support relation to said fingers 37. The strut members 30 and 31 also cooperate with the hooks 37a to trap the end member 13 against movement in opposite directions lengthwise of said finger.

Viewing the stacked receptacle units R from the side defined by legs 16 and 17 and the end member 13, it will be seen that the rod 19 spanning the distance between the upper ends of legs 16 and 17 of each receptacle and the cross member 32 of the receptacle unit in stacked subjacent relation thereto define upper and lower limits of a take-out area through which goods contained in the lower unit R may be Withdrawn while the units R are in stacked relation. The cross member 32 is offset downwardly with respect to opposite end portions 32a so as to increase the vertical dimension of said take-out area along the length of member 32 between said end portions 32a.

By utilizing the recesses 38 in the end member 12 of an underlying receptacle as a bearing with which the rods 35 of an upper unit R to be stacked have downward engagement while the fingers 36 and hooks 36a defined by end portions of said rods 35 occupy a position in trailing relation to a position wherein said fingers have operative engagement with said recesses, the upper unit may be held in upwardly rocked position as shown in FIG. 16 to maintain the end member 13 of the unit R in a path which will clear the contents of the underlying unit R as the upper unit is advanced along its rods 35 a distance sufiicient to bring the hooks 36w into engagement with the end member 12 of the underlying unit R. During such advance movement of the unit, it will be noted that the end portions of rods 18, 19 and 20 which underlie the arms 10 and 11 move in a path clearing the area occupied by end member 12 by virtue of the downwardly offset portion 12a. While standing opposite a given stack location in front of the end member 13 of the unit R being stacked, the person handling the unit R during process of such stacking is thus notified by such inter-engagement of the hooks 360 with the end member 12 of the underlying unit that the end member 13 of the upper receptacle is now ready to be lowered into bearing engagement with the upwardly facing fingers 37 of the subjacent unit R without risk of crushing the contents of said latter unit R.

As shown in FIG. 4, a floor truck or dolly having a platform P provides a support for the lowermost receptacle wherein the deck area of the unit has downward bearing engagement with the upper surface of the platform P while the legs 16 and 17 and end member 13 are in overhanging relation to one of the edges of the platform of the dolly, to thereby maintain the deck of the lowermost unit and the deck of each unit in stacked relation thereto in horizontal planes.

A base receptacle unit BR, illustrated in FIG. 8, represents a modification of the unit R in that downwardly extending legs 116 provided on unit BR (corresponding to legs 16 and 17 in unit R) terminate at the lower ends thereof in horizontally extending runners 116a in downwardly spaced parallel relation to and in vertical alignment with the side arms 10 and 11, along opposite marginal portions of the deck area. These runners have downward bearing engagement with a floor or ground surface whereby the unit BR may be used as a self supporting bottom unit of a tier of stacked receptacle units R in lieu of a dolly.

When empty, units R embodying the present invention may be closely interfitted in storage position for economy of space in storage or transport, as shown in FIGS. 5 and 7. Such storage position of units R is obtainable when the unit is lifted from the stack support means of a subjacent unit and lowered to occupy a position of rest wherein end portions of rods 18 and 20 of the upper unit have downward seating engagement with the upper surface of the rails 34 of the lower unit R while the rod 19 of each unit R has downward seating engagement with the upper surface of end portions 32a of the member 32 of the subjacent unit. A shoulder 40 defined by an offset portion formed in each rod 35 presents a stop surface with which the end portions 32a of a subjacent unit R have engagement while the rod 19 of an upper unit R has downward seated engagement with said end portions 32a of an underlying unit. Thus the upper unit R is releasably locked in seated relation to the end portions 32a of a subjacent unit R along surfaces of the rod 19 of said upper unit R.

While in such storage position each unit R occupies a position in offset relation to its next adjacent unit R in a direction lengthwise of the distance between end members 12 and 13. Thus end member 13 of each unit is in forwardly offset relation to end member 13 of a subjacent unit while end member 12 is in similar offset relation to end member 12 of said subjacent unit. The tilted position of the units R, as established by the lowermost unit R when the latter engages an underlying horizontal supporting surface along the downwardly facing surfaces of end member 13 connecting lower ends of legs 16 and 17 and bridge section 35a connecting rods 35, is effective to maintain said units R in peripheral alignment along lines in perpendicular relation to said underlying supporting surface while in storage position. The interfitting relationship of adjacent units R while in storage position tends to prevent relative shifting movement of said units in directions lengthwise of side arms and 11. Relative movement of said units in directions lengthwise of end members 12 and 13 is prevented by straddling engagement of the bracing rods 25 and 26 of each unit with the side arms and legs of the unit adjacent thereto.

Receptacle units RR shown in storage position in FIG. 9 represent a further modified construction wherein downwardly converging brace arms 133a are formed integrally with side rails 133 and 134 (corresponding to side rails 33 and 34 respectively in receptacle R). Side arms 110 and 111 provided in each receptacle unit RR (corresponding to side arms 10 and 11 respectively in receptacle R) have upwardly converging bra-cc arms 110a in intersecting relation to the brace arms 133a of the side rails associated therewith. As shown in FIG. 9, the brace arms 133a of each receptacle define an upwardly open area inwardly of arms 110a into which the brace arms 133a of a superposed receptacle RR have downward entry while the arms 110a of each receptacle RR define downwardly open areas into which the brace arms 110a of a subjacent receptacle RR have upward entry. Thus, the arms 133a of each of said units while in storage position are straddled by the arms 110a of a unit subjacent thereto whereby said units are rendered non-shiftable relative to each other lengthwise of the end members 112 and 113. The units RR are also trapped against shifting movement relative to each other in directions lengthwise of the arms 133 While in storage position by interfitting relationship of the brace arms 110a and 133a along surfaces thereof which are inclined upwardly in the direction which each receptacle RR is offset in relation to the receptacle subjacent thereto, as shown in FIG. 9.

Stacking means in the receptacles RR are defined by stacking fingers 112a and 113a (corresponding to stacking fingers 36 and 37 respectively in receptacles R) and recesses formed in the end members 112 and 113. As an additional feature, the receptacles RR each have means for stacking said receptacles in offset relation along lines extending lengthwise of the end members 112 and 113 (corresponding to end members 12 and 13 in receptacles R) as shown in FIG. 1. It should be noted that a recess 112b in the end member 112 in vertical alignment with each finger 112a and a recess 113b in the end member 113 in vertical alignment with each finger 113a functions to establish a stacked relationship of said receptacles RR wherein said receptacles are in peripheral alignment in the same manner as such relationship is achieved as to receptacles R via recesses 38 and 39 in end members 12 and 13 of receptacles R and cooperating fingers 36 and 37 of said latter receptacles. As an added stacking feature in receptacles RR, as shown in F-IG. 10, each recess 112b is flanked by recesses 1120 and 1120! and each recess 113i) is flanked by recesses 1130 and 113d. The recesses 1120 and 1130, when occupied by the fingers 112a and 113a respectively of adjacent receptacles as shown in FIG. 10 are effective to establish a stacked relationship of the receptacles RR wherein each receptacle RR is offset from the receptacle subjacent thereto in the direction of recesses 112c and 1130 relative to recesses 112b and 113b respectively. In such offset relation, the receptacles RR are adapted to be supported along downwardly inclined parallel lines extending lengthwise of the distance between end members 112a and 113a in the direction of end members 113a. It will be understood that the receptacles RR might be similarly stacked via recesses 112d and 113d when occupied by the fingers 112a and 113a respectively of adjacent receptacles to position each receptacle RR in offset relation to the receptacle subjacent thereto in the direction of recesses 112d and 113d relative to recesses 112b and 113b respectively and thereby effect the support of said receptacles RR while in such stacked relation along downwardly inclined parallel lines extendinglengthwise of the distance between end members 112a and 113a in the direction of end member 112a. As shown in FIG. 10, a tilt bar 41 provided on .a suitable dolly has engagement with the underside of the lowermost receptacle RR along a line extending lengthwise of the distance between and at right angles to the end members 112 and 113 to elevate the lowermost receptacle along said line while the portion of the receptacle extending downwardly from said tilt bar 41 has engagement with a confining rail 42 extending upwardly from the platform of the dolly to retain the receptacle in its inclined position on the dolly. By virtue of the inclined position of the receptacles RR in the stacked arrangement shown in FIG. 10, merchandise contained in such receptacles will seek a position at the lowered side of the receptacle by force of gravity. While the side rails 133 and 134 provide adequate means for confining the merchandise within the receptacle, it will be observed that ample clearance area is available between the rail and the underlying surface of the receptacle next in superposed relation thereto to accommodate removal of merchandise from the receptacle via said area.

In a modified receptacle unit designated RBR and shown in FIGS. 11, 12 and 13, downwardly bent end portions of rods 35 (corresponding to the hooks 36a at the end of rods 35 in receptacle R) have downward extensions defining legs 136. The lower ends of legs 136 are joined by a horizontal connecting section 137 whereby the latter in combination with the end member 13 at the lower end of legs 16 and 17 have downward engagement with a horizontal supporting surface to support the deck area of unit RBR in horizontal position without the aid of a separate base unit or dolly. It will be noted in FIG. 13 that when the units RBR are in storage position, the units are in upside down relation to the position of said units when in stacked condition. -In each unit RBR, the rod 18 and the edge of the deck portion extending along said rod are at such a distance away from a plane containing legs 14 and 15 and end member 12 as to provide clearance for the reception of overlapping portions of legs 136 of two subjacent units RBR in storage position as shown in FIG. 13. In such upside down positions, the lowermost receptacle RBR has downward engagement with a horizontal supporting area along surfaces of the end member 12 and the end portions 32a of cross member 32. A plane joining fingers 36 and recesses 38 and .a plane joining fingers 37 and recesses 39 each have such inclination to a plane perpendicular to the plane of the horizontal supporting area as to maintain the peripheral limits of said units RBR in vertical alignment as shown in FIG. 13.

Receptacle units of further modified design are shown in stacked relation in FIG. 14 and in storage position according to FIG. 15. Stacking supports in these units are defined by fingers 46. and 47 and recesses 48 and 49 respectively corresponding to fingers 36 and 37 and recesses 38 and 39 of receptacle units R. Side rails 53 and 54, along which the units shown in FIGS. 14 and 15 have interengage-rnent while in storage position are somewhat higher in relation to the deck portion than the correspond-. ing rails 33 and 34 in receptacle units R. This additional height permits a greater extent of offset of each unit lengthwise of rails 53 and 54 relative to its neighboring unit when the units are in storage position while maintaining such units in peripheral alignment in planes perpendicular to an underlying horizontal support.

A cross rod 57 provided within the area below the end member containing recesses 48 in the receptacle units shown in FIGS. 14 and 15 is engaged by a rod portion 46a connecting fingers 46 of a like upper unit to establish such added offset between the receptacle units while in storage position.

It will be noted that each unit is also provided with a fixed cross rod 58 with which the hooks 47a of an underlying unit have engagement while said units are in storage position to likewise establish an ofiset relationship of said units commensurate with the offset relationship provided by interengagement of the rod 57 androd portions 46a of said units. Accordingly, each unit has unobstructed movement toward and away from a storage position in relation to a subjacent unit along lines projected vertically from all parts of the perimeter of said subjacent unit.

What is claimed:

1. A receptacle having an upwardly facing load carrying area, said area having oppositely disposed spaced apart borders in a common plane, a first support means extending upwardly at a right angle from said load carrying area along a first one of said borders, a second support means extending-downwardly at a right angle from said load carrying area along a border thereof opposite said first border, the upper limits of the first support means defining the uppermost extremities of the receptacle and an upper rest, the lower limits of the second support means defining the lowermost extremities of the receptacle and a lower bearing, an upper rest at the upper limits of said second support means substantially in the plane of said load carrying area and directly above said lower bearing of said second support means, the lower limits of the first support means defining a lower hearing at a distance directly below the upper rest of said first support means commensurate with the distance between said lower bearing and upper rest of said second support means, said lower bearings of said first and second support means respectively engageable with the upper rests of the first and second support means respectively of a subjacent-like receptacle for supporting the upper receptacle in vertical stacked relation to said subjacent receptacle.

2. A receptacle according to claim 1 wherein a side arm is provided at each side of the load carrying area in an upwardly inclined plane which intersects said load carrying area along a line midway of said first and second support means, and said side arms are spaced such a distance apart as to allow the corner defined by the load carrying area and the first support means of a first receptacle to occupy a nested position between the corresponding side arms of a like subjacent receptacle and thereby accommodate compact storage of said receptacles.

References Cited by the Examiner UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,322,748 6/1943 Shaw 2lll26 2,837,388 6/1958 Majeroni 220--97 2,931,535 4/1960 Lockwood 220'-97 3,018,003 1/1962 Lockwood 22097 THERON E. CONDON, Primary Examiner.

EARLE J. DRUMMOND, GEORGE O. RALSTON,

Examiners. 

1. A RECEPTACLE HAVING AN UPWARDLY FACING LOAD CARRYING AREA, SAID AREA HAVING OPPOSITELY DISPOSED SPACED APART BORDERS IN A COMMON PLANE, A FIRST SUPPORT MEANS EXTENDING UPWARDLY AT A RIGHT ANGLE FROM SAID LOAD CARRYING AREA ALONG A FIRST ONE OF SAID BORDERS, A SECOND SUPPORT MEANS EXTENDING DOWNWARDLY AT A RIGHT ANGLE FROM SAID LOAD CARRYING AREA ALONG A BORDER THEREOF OPPOSITE SAID FIRST BORDER, THE UPPER LIMITS OF THE FIRST SUPPORT MEANS DEFINING THE UPPERMOST EXTREMITIES OF THE RECEPTACLE AND AN UPPER REST, THE LOWER LIMITS OF THE SECOND SUPPORT MEANS DEFINING THE LOWERMOST EXTREMITIES OF THE RECEPTACLE AND A LOWER BEARING, AN UPPER REST AT THE UPPER LIMITS OF SAID SECOND SUPPORT MEANS SUBSTANTIALLY IN THE 